Introduction

Operating system: The software that turns the computer you have into the one you want (Anil)

What sort of computer did we want to have?
What sort of abstractions did they want to be easy? Hard?
What could we build with the internet (not just WAN, but also LAN)?
Most dreams people had of their computers smacked into the wall of reality.

MOAD review in groups

Chorded keyboard unfortunately obscure, partly because the attendees disagreed with the long-term investment of training the user.
View control → hyperlinking system, but in a lightweight (more like nanoweight) markup language.
Ad-hoc ticketing system
Ad-hoc messaging system
- Used on a time-sharing systme with shared storage,
Primitive revision control system
Different vocabulary:
- Bug and bug smear (mouse and trail)
- Point rather than click

Class review

Doug died Jul 2 2013
Doug himself called it an “online system”, rather than offline composition of code using card punchers as was common in the day.
What became of the tech:
- Chorded keyboards:
  - Exist but obscure
- Pre-ARPANET network:
  - Time-sharing mainframe
  - 13 workstations
  - Telephone and television circuit
- Mouse
  - “I sometimes apologize for calling it a mouse”
- Collaborative document editing integrated with screen sharing
- Videoconferencing
  - Part of the vision, but more for the demo at the time,
- Hyperlinks
  - The web on a mainframe
- Languages
  - Metalanguages
    - “Part and parcel of their entire vision of augmenting human intelligence.”
    - You must teach the computer about the language you are using.
    - They were the use case. It was almost designed more for augmenting programmer intelligence rather than human intelligence.
  - It was normal for the time to build new languages (domain-specific) for new systems. Nowadays, we standardize on one but develop large APIs, at the expense of conciseness. We look for short-term benefits; we minimize programmer effort.
  - Compiler compiler
- Freeze-pane
- Folding—Zoomable UI (ZUI)
  - Lots of systems do it, but not the default
  - Much easier to just present everything.
- Technologies the required further investment got left behind.
The NLS had little to no security
- There was a minimal notion of a user
- There was a utopian aspect. Meanwhile, the Mac had no utopian aspect. Data exchange was through floppies. Any network was small, local, ad-hoc, and among trusted peers.
- The system wasn't envisioned to scale up to masses of people who didn't trust each other.
- How do you enforce secrecy.
Part of the reason for lack of adoption of some of the tech was hardware. We can posit that a bigger reason would be infrastructure.
Differentiate usability of system from usability of vision
- What was missing was the polish, the ‘sexiness’, and the intuitiveness of later systems like the Apple II and the Lisa.
- The usability of the later Alto is still less than commercial systems.
  - The word processor was modal, which is apt to confuse unmotivated and untrained users.
In the context of the Mother of All Demos, the Alto doesn't seem entirely revolutionary. Xerox PARC raided his team. They almost had a GUI; rather they had what we call today a virtual console, with a few things above.
What happens with visionaries that present a big vision is that the spectators latch onto specific aspects.
To be comfortable with not adopting the vision, one must ostracize the visionary. People pay attention to things that fit into their world view.
Use cases of networking have changed little, though the means did
Fundamentally a resource-sharing system; everything is shared, unlike later systems where you would need to explicitly do so. Resources shared fundamentally sense to share: documents, printers, etc.
Resource sharing was never enough. Information-sharing was the focus.

Alto review

Fundamentally a personal computer
Applications:
- Drawing program with curves and arcs for drawing
- Hardware design tools (mostly logic boards)
- Time server
Less designed for reading than the NLS. More designed around paper. Xerox had a laser printer, and you would read what you printed. Hypertext was deprioritized, unlike the NLS vision had focused on what could not be expressed on paper.
Xerox had almost an obsession with making documents print beautifully.