BioSec 2012: Mohammad: Difference between revisions
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== Energy and Enzymes == | == Energy and Enzymes == | ||
I summarized this chapter earlier: | I summarized this chapter earlier: | ||
Energy and Enzymes: | |||
Catalyst called enzymes speed up the rates of reaction without the need for an increase in temperature. | Catalyst called enzymes speed up the rates of reaction without the need for an increase in temperature. | ||
Phosphatases: A group of enzymes catalyze the removal of phosphates groups from a range of molecules. | |||
Phosphatases: A group of enzymes catalyze the removal of phosphates groups from a range of molecules. | |||
Energy: The capacity to do work e.g build a protein from a group of amino acids or pump sucrose across a cell membrane. | Energy: The capacity to do work e.g build a protein from a group of amino acids or pump sucrose across a cell membrane. | ||
First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | ||
Second law of thermodynamics: The total disorder (entropy) of a system and its surroundings always increases. | Second law of thermodynamics: The total disorder (entropy) of a system and its surroundings always increases. | ||
It takes energy to maintain low entropy or the “orderness” of things. | It takes energy to maintain low entropy or the “orderness” of things. | ||
Cells are always breaking down and new ones are always being created by the synthesis of a huge array of proteins, carbohydrates and lipid molecules. | Cells are always breaking down and new ones are always being created by the synthesis of a huge array of proteins, carbohydrates and lipid molecules. | ||
Free energy: The portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work. | Free energy: The portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work. | ||
Spontaneous reactions: | Spontaneous reactions: | ||
1- Reactions tend to be spontaneous if the products have less potential energy than the reactants. | |||
1- Reactions tend to be spontaneous if the products have less potential energy than the reactants. | |||
2- Reactions tend to be spontaneous when the products are less ordered than the reactants. | 2- Reactions tend to be spontaneous when the products are less ordered than the reactants. | ||
3- Change in free energy indicated whether a reaction is spontaneous. The free energy change as the system goes from initial to final states is the sum of the changes in the energy content and entropy. | 3- Change in free energy indicated whether a reaction is spontaneous. The free energy change as the system goes from initial to final states is the sum of the changes in the energy content and entropy. | ||
Point of chemical equilibrium: a state in which reaction does not stop but rather a state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reactions. | Point of chemical equilibrium: a state in which reaction does not stop but rather a state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reactions. | ||
The change in free energy of life is always negative as organisms constantly take in energy-rich molecules and use them to do work. Organisms reach equilibrium only when they die. | The change in free energy of life is always negative as organisms constantly take in energy-rich molecules and use them to do work. Organisms reach equilibrium only when they die. | ||
Exergonic reaction: A reaction that releases free energy. Products contain less free energy than the reactants | Exergonic reaction: A reaction that releases free energy. Products contain less free energy than the reactants | ||
Endergonic reaction: The products contain more free energy than the reactants.The reactants involved in the reaction need to gain free energy from the surroundings to form products of the reaction. Catabolic pathway: Energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds e.g. cellular respiration | |||
Endergonic reaction: The products contain more free energy than the reactants.The reactants involved in the reaction need to gain free energy from the surroundings to form products of the reaction. | |||
Catabolic pathway: Energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds e.g. cellular respiration | |||
Anabolic pathway: Energy is consumed to build complex molecules from more simple ones. e.g. photosynthesis. | Anabolic pathway: Energy is consumed to build complex molecules from more simple ones. e.g. photosynthesis. | ||
Cells supplies energy to drive endergonic reactions using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Cells supplies energy to drive endergonic reactions using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | ||
ATP contains free enegry from high energy phosphate bonds. | ATP contains free enegry from high energy phosphate bonds. | ||
Removal of one or two of the three phosphate groups is a spontaneous reaction that relieves the repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate groups and releases large amounts of free energy. | Removal of one or two of the three phosphate groups is a spontaneous reaction that relieves the repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate groups and releases large amounts of free energy. | ||
The breakdown of ATP is a hydrolysis reaction and results in the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate. | The breakdown of ATP is a hydrolysis reaction and results in the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate. | ||
Hydrolysis of ATP produces free energy (heat). | Hydrolysis of ATP produces free energy (heat). | ||
How do living cells link the hydrolysis of ATP to an endergonic reaction such that the energy is not wasted as heat?: Energy coupling: An enzyme brings ATP and the reactant molecule into close association. | How do living cells link the hydrolysis of ATP to an endergonic reaction such that the energy is not wasted as heat?: Energy coupling: An enzyme brings ATP and the reactant molecule into close association. | ||
Energy in carbohydrates, fats and proteins consumed in food is used in the energy requiring endergonic process that combines ADP and Pi. | Energy in carbohydrates, fats and proteins consumed in food is used in the energy requiring endergonic process that combines ADP and Pi. | ||
The continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP is called the ATP cycle. | The continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP is called the ATP cycle. | ||
A spontaneous reaction does not mean that it proceeds rapidly. | A spontaneous reaction does not mean that it proceeds rapidly. | ||
Activation Energy: initial energy required to start a reaction and tranform molecules into transition state where bonds are stable and are ready to be broken. | Activation Energy: initial energy required to start a reaction and tranform molecules into transition state where bonds are stable and are ready to be broken. | ||
Enzymes act as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy required by molecules in reactants to start a reaction. | Enzymes act as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy required by molecules in reactants to start a reaction. | ||
Enzymes speed-up the rate of spontaneous exergonic reactions. | |||
Enzymes speed-up the rate of spontaneous exergonic reactions. | |||
Enzymes do not supply free energy to the reaction. | Enzymes do not supply free energy to the reaction. | ||
Three main mechanisms in which an Enzyme lowers activation Energy: | Three main mechanisms in which an Enzyme lowers activation Energy: | ||
1- Bringing the reacting molecules together | 1- Bringing the reacting molecules together | ||
2- Exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments that promote catalysis | 2- Exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments that promote catalysis | ||
3- Changing the shape of a substrate molecule | 3- Changing the shape of a substrate molecule | ||
Temperature and pH levels have a significant effect on enzyme activity and thus the reaction rates. The optimum pH level for an enzyme depends on the pH level of its environment. If Temperature becomes too high the enzyme of denatured. | Temperature and pH levels have a significant effect on enzyme activity and thus the reaction rates. The optimum pH level for an enzyme depends on the pH level of its environment. If Temperature becomes too high the enzyme of denatured. | ||
As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of catalysis increases. | As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of catalysis increases. | ||
Competitive Enzyme inhibition: enzyme inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site | Competitive Enzyme inhibition: enzyme inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site | ||
Non-competitive inhibitors: enzyme inhibitors bind to a location on the enzyme other than the active site. | Non-competitive inhibitors: enzyme inhibitors bind to a location on the enzyme other than the active site. | ||
Enzyme inhibition is important to the cell since it controls the presence of multiple active enzymes at the same time. (allosteric regulation). | |||
Enzyme inhibition is important to the cell since it controls the presence of multiple active enzymes at the same time. (allosteric regulation). | |||
Feedback inhibition provides a mechanism to prevent the wasting of cell’s energy. If the concentration of the inhibitor increases the enzyme action is inhibited, if the concentration of the inhibitor decreases, the enzyme is activated. | Feedback inhibition provides a mechanism to prevent the wasting of cell’s energy. If the concentration of the inhibitor increases the enzyme action is inhibited, if the concentration of the inhibitor decreases, the enzyme is activated. | ||
Revision as of 15:41, 3 February 2012
Energy and Enzymes
I summarized this chapter earlier:
Energy and Enzymes:
Catalyst called enzymes speed up the rates of reaction without the need for an increase in temperature.
Phosphatases: A group of enzymes catalyze the removal of phosphates groups from a range of molecules.
Energy: The capacity to do work e.g build a protein from a group of amino acids or pump sucrose across a cell membrane.
First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second law of thermodynamics: The total disorder (entropy) of a system and its surroundings always increases.
It takes energy to maintain low entropy or the “orderness” of things.
Cells are always breaking down and new ones are always being created by the synthesis of a huge array of proteins, carbohydrates and lipid molecules.
Free energy: The portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work.
Spontaneous reactions:
1- Reactions tend to be spontaneous if the products have less potential energy than the reactants.
2- Reactions tend to be spontaneous when the products are less ordered than the reactants.
3- Change in free energy indicated whether a reaction is spontaneous. The free energy change as the system goes from initial to final states is the sum of the changes in the energy content and entropy.
Point of chemical equilibrium: a state in which reaction does not stop but rather a state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reactions.
The change in free energy of life is always negative as organisms constantly take in energy-rich molecules and use them to do work. Organisms reach equilibrium only when they die.
Exergonic reaction: A reaction that releases free energy. Products contain less free energy than the reactants
Endergonic reaction: The products contain more free energy than the reactants.The reactants involved in the reaction need to gain free energy from the surroundings to form products of the reaction. Catabolic pathway: Energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds e.g. cellular respiration
Anabolic pathway: Energy is consumed to build complex molecules from more simple ones. e.g. photosynthesis.
Cells supplies energy to drive endergonic reactions using ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP contains free enegry from high energy phosphate bonds.
Removal of one or two of the three phosphate groups is a spontaneous reaction that relieves the repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate groups and releases large amounts of free energy.
The breakdown of ATP is a hydrolysis reaction and results in the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate.
Hydrolysis of ATP produces free energy (heat).
How do living cells link the hydrolysis of ATP to an endergonic reaction such that the energy is not wasted as heat?: Energy coupling: An enzyme brings ATP and the reactant molecule into close association.
Energy in carbohydrates, fats and proteins consumed in food is used in the energy requiring endergonic process that combines ADP and Pi.
The continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP is called the ATP cycle.
A spontaneous reaction does not mean that it proceeds rapidly.
Activation Energy: initial energy required to start a reaction and tranform molecules into transition state where bonds are stable and are ready to be broken.
Enzymes act as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy required by molecules in reactants to start a reaction.
Enzymes speed-up the rate of spontaneous exergonic reactions.
Enzymes do not supply free energy to the reaction.
Three main mechanisms in which an Enzyme lowers activation Energy:
1- Bringing the reacting molecules together
2- Exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments that promote catalysis
3- Changing the shape of a substrate molecule
Temperature and pH levels have a significant effect on enzyme activity and thus the reaction rates. The optimum pH level for an enzyme depends on the pH level of its environment. If Temperature becomes too high the enzyme of denatured.
As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of catalysis increases.
Competitive Enzyme inhibition: enzyme inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site
Non-competitive inhibitors: enzyme inhibitors bind to a location on the enzyme other than the active site.
Enzyme inhibition is important to the cell since it controls the presence of multiple active enzymes at the same time. (allosteric regulation).
Feedback inhibition provides a mechanism to prevent the wasting of cell’s energy. If the concentration of the inhibitor increases the enzyme action is inhibited, if the concentration of the inhibitor decreases, the enzyme is activated.