COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 3

Question

To what extent do modern Windows systems provide mainframe-equivalent functionality? What about Windows coupled with add-on commercial products such as VMWare's virtualization and EMC's storage solutions? Explain.

Answer

Throughout the years, Windows has undergone some rather radical changes by modernizing existing technologies and providing innovation to existing features; this resulted in having functionality equivalent to that of a mainframe computer. However, although these changes have been extensive, Windows has not been particularly dominant when it comes to replacing modern mainframe systems.

Mainframes

Mainframe systems have always had a good reputation for being used by large organizations in order to process thousands of small transactions. Whether these systems are used by the bank or by a police department, they possess several key features which make them exceedingly more powerful when compared to other systems. One of these features is an extensive and prolonged stability. This is a result of having tremendous redundancy and exception handling which prevents the entire system from shutting down, even if some components are inactive due to unforeseen circumstances. Because of this, mainframe computers are incredibly reliable when it comes to data storage and interoperability.

With this in mind, another neat feature that a mainframe possesses is the ability to hot swap components without taking the system offline. Consequently, components that are malfunctioning or require an upgrade can safely be replaced without endangering system stability. As a result mainframes gain a broad life spectrum as components can be upgraded individually without having to replace the entire system. Additionally, software written for these machines is extremely backwards compatible. The reason behind this is the fact that mainframe computers are fully virtualized. This is what allows a mainframe to run software that could have been written decades ago while still being able to run alongside modern software and hardware. In addition, this is part of the reason why mainframe computers are so secure, it is because they can use a combination of newer and older software as well as hardware to take years of innovation and combine it into one secure platform.

Unfortunately, all these features would mean nothing if the mainframe could not keep up with the data being sent and received. As a result, computers of this calibre must be able to have good I/O resource management as well as protect against bottlenecks. They do this by supporting powerful schedulers which ensure the fastest possible throughput for transaction processing [1]. Without this, you could continuously be upgrading components but suffer diminishing returns.

With so many features, how is Windows expected to keep up? The reality is Windows already supports most of these features. And when coupled with addon software such as VMWare and EMC storage solutions, the capabilities are even more astounding.

Redundancy

A large feature of mainframes is their ability for redundancy. Mainframes produce redundancy by using the provider's off-site redundancy faeture. This feature lets the customer move all of their processes and applications onto the providers mainframe while the provider makes repairs on the customers system. Another way that mainframes create redundancy is their use of multi-processors that share the same memory. If one processor dies, the rest of the processors still keep all of the cache. There are multiple ways windows systems can create this redundancy feature that mainframes have. The first way windows systems can create this is by creating a windows cluster server. The cluster uses the same feature of the mainframe's multi-processor system. Another way windows systems can create redundancy is by using virtual machines. VMWare has a feature called Microsoft Cluster Service, which allows users to create a cluster of virtual machines on one physical windows system (or multiple physical machines). The virtual machines set up two different networks. They create a private network for communication in between the virtual machines and then a public network to control I/O services. The virtual machines also share storage to create concurrency so that if one fails, the other still has all of the data.

no downtime upgrades

A useful feature that mainframes have is the ability to hot-swap. Hot-swapping is the ability to swap out components of a computer/mainframe for new components with no downtime (i.e. the system continues to run through this process). Hot-swapping occurs when there is faulty hardware in one of the processors inside the mainframe. Technicians are able to swap out this component without the mainframe being turned off or crashing. Hot-swapping is also used when upgrading processors, memory and storage inside the mainframe. With the right software and setup (redundancy) a mainframe is able to be upgraded and/or repaired as is sees fit by adding and removing components such as hard drives and processors.

Using VMWare on a Windows system allows users to hot-add RAM and hot-plug adds a new virtual CPU to the virtualized system. Using these hot-adding and hot-plugging techniques the virtual computer can grow in size to be able to accept loads varying in size. Due to some circumstances with different CPU's and guest OS's, the virtual machine may have to restart and is unable to hot-add/hot-plug. For example, the virtual machine of a Windows Server 2008 ENT x64 OS allows you to hot-add memory but you must restart it to remove memory and to add/remove CPU.

In non-virtual systems, Windows coupled with the program Go-HotSwap can hot-plug CompactPCI components. CompactPCI components allow many different devices to be plugged into their slots (e.g. multiple SATA hard drives) which makes a Windows system with these technologies very modular. The Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter released in 2009 uses dynamic hardware partitioning. Dynamic hardware partitioning means that its hardware can be partitioned into separate hardware with processors and other components which allows for hot-swapping/hot-adding of these partitions where needed.

Backwards-Compatibility

Backwards-compatibility means that the newer software version can recognize what the old version write and how it work. It is a relationship between the two versions. If the new components provide all the functionality of the old one, we said that the new component is backwards compatible.In computer mainframe era, many applications are backwards compatible.For example,the code written 20 years ago in IBM System/360 can be run in latest mainframe (like zSeries, System/390 family,System z9,etc).This because that models in mainframe computer provide a combination of special hardware,special microcode and an emulation program to simulate the target system.(The IBM 7080 transistorized computer was backward compatible with all models of the IBM 705 vacuum tube computer.) Sometimes mainframe also need customers to halt the computer and download the emulation program. In Windows OS,one method to implement backwards-compatibility is to add applications.Like Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Toolkit.This application can make the platfrom to be compatible with most softwares from early version.The second method is the Windows Operating Systems usually have various subsystems.The software originally designed for older version or other OSs can be run in the subsystems.Such as Window NT, it has MS-DOS and Win16 subsystems.But Windows 7's backwards-compatibility is not very good.If kernel is different, the OSs can't be compatible with each other.But it doesn't mean that older programs won't run, virtualization will be used to make them run.The third method is to use shims to create the backwards-compatibility.Shims are just like the small libraries that can intercept the API, change parameters passed,handle and redirect the operations. In Windows OS,we can use shims to simulate the behaviors of old version OS for legacy softwares.

Addon Software

Virtualization

- VMWare
- Virtual Box

Backup Solutions

- EMC Storage solutions
- Carbonite

Conclusion

Again I don't think a conclusion is necessary unless its like one sentence. --Dkrutsko 23:43, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

References

no downtime upgrades

Davis, David. "VMware vSphere hot-add RAM and hot-plug CPU." TechTarget. N.p., 09.15.2009. Web. 14 Oct 2010. <http://searchvmware.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid179_gci1367631_mem1,00.html>.

"Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter." Windows Server 2008 R2. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct 2010. <http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2008/en/us/2008-dc.aspx>.

"Go-HotSwap: CompactPCI Hot Swap." Jungo. Jungo Ltd, n.d. Web. 14 Oct 2010. <http://www.jungo.com/st/hotswap.html>.

=== Backwards-Compatibility http://www.windows7news.com/2008/05/23/windows-7-to-break-backwards-compatibility/ http://computersight.com/computers/mainframe-computers/