COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 8 - Revision history

Soma: Unprotected "COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 8"

2010-11-08T15:33:51Z

Unprotected "COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 8"

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Soma: /* THREADS/PTHREADS */

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THREADS/PTHREADS

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	'''The alternative Pthread implementation in the 4.0 Digital UNIX, also known as DEC OSF/1~~, which was a part of the Mach operating system~~. Pthread library schedules’ threads consist of a one-to-one relationship; all threads fight other threads excluding the threads with the same process. This is good for priority, there is a positive correlation between priority and function; if priority rises, so does the function of the specific process. Many threads in a program have the ability to run on different CPUs, this prevents a program from being limited to a single executing thread. Native POSIX Thread Library is also known as NPTL which was first released in Red Hat Linux 9. This software enables the Linux kernel to run programs efficiently using POSIX threads.[http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/JavaTechandLinux/RedHat/] Version 1 of NPTL was released in 1996, followed by other versions leading up to version 2.6 recently. NPTL has become a part of the Linux kernel since version 2.6. To this day, threads in Linux are still created with the clone() system call in the Java programming language, although they are abstracted away in the actual language. Futexes are the newest evolution of mutexes in the Linux kernal and are the foundation of many mutual exclusion constructs that are frequently used in threaded programming. Despite the growing progress in Pthreads there have been many technical issues which lead to late implementation of support for multithread processes.[http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6530] '''		'''The alternative Pthread implementation in the 4.0 Digital UNIX, also known as DEC OSF/1. Pthread library schedules’ threads consist of a one-to-one relationship; all threads fight other threads excluding the threads with the same process. This is good for priority, there is a positive correlation between priority and function; if priority rises, so does the function of the specific process. Many threads in a program have the ability to run on different CPUs, this prevents a program from being limited to a single executing thread. Native POSIX Thread Library is also known as NPTL which was first released in Red Hat Linux 9. This software enables the Linux kernel to run programs efficiently using POSIX threads.[http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/JavaTechandLinux/RedHat/] Version 1 of NPTL was released in 1996, followed by other versions leading up to version 2.6 recently. NPTL has become a part of the Linux kernel since version 2.6. To this day, threads in Linux are still created with the clone() system call in the Java programming language, although they are abstracted away in the actual language. Futexes are the newest evolution of mutexes in the Linux kernal and are the foundation of many mutual exclusion constructs that are frequently used in threaded programming. Despite the growing progress in Pthreads there have been many technical issues which lead to late implementation of support for multithread processes.[http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6530] '''

	====COMPLICATIONS====		====COMPLICATIONS====

Soma: Protected "COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 8" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2010-10-15T13:36:01Z

Protected "COMP 3000 Essay 1 2010 Question 8" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:36, 15 October 2010
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Rift: /* SOURCES */

2010-10-15T04:41:52Z

SOURCES

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	[8] Andrew Josey, February 2006, The Open Group. POSIX 1003.1 FAQ. online at: <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html>		[8] Andrew Josey, February 2006, The Open Group. POSIX 1003.1 FAQ. online at: <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html>

	[9] ~~Link currently down~~, ~~was~~ online at: <~~http~~://~~delivery.acm~~.~~org/10~~.~~1145~~/~~220000~~/~~210315~~/~~p11-walli.pdf?key1=210315&key2=0607607821&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=108396689&CFTOKEN=35895091~~>		[9] Blaise Barney, 2010. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. POSIX Threads Programming. online at: <https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/>

	[10~~] Link currently down, was online at: <http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/220000/210315/p11-walli.pdf?key1=210315&key2=0607607821&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=108396689&CFTOKEN=35895091>~~		[10] The Open Group, 1997 - 1999. What is UNIX? online at: <http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html>

	~~[11] Blaise Barney, 2010. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. POSIX Threads Programming. online at: <https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/>~~

	~~[12~~] The Open Group, 1997 - 1999. What is UNIX? online at: <http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html>

	=Extra Links=		=Extra Links=

Rift: /* COMPLICATIONS */

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COMPLICATIONS

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	====COMPLICATIONS====		====COMPLICATIONS====

	'''The beginning of POSIX Threads starts off with hardware sellers executing their own versions of threads. These developments varied from one another, creating difficulties for programmers to implement portable thread applications[https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/]. With UNIX starting to develop shared memory as a viable Inter-process communication tool developers started to create a high demand for the ability to run multiple threads under one process. Consequently, IEEE began to form together the POSIX standards. In 1988, POSIX.1 - created to support application portability – was ratified and accepted as the international standard in 1990[http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html]. After the approval, the POSIX standard grew to more than 20 individual standards, encapsulating a large area of different groups~~[http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/220000/210315/p11-walli.pdf?key1=210315&key2=0607607821&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=108396689&CFTOKEN=35895091]~~.'''		'''The beginning of POSIX Threads starts off with hardware sellers executing their own versions of threads. These developments varied from one another, creating difficulties for programmers to implement portable thread applications[https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/]. With UNIX starting to develop shared memory as a viable Inter-process communication tool developers started to create a high demand for the ability to run multiple threads under one process. Consequently, IEEE began to form together the POSIX standards. In 1988, POSIX.1 - created to support application portability – was ratified and accepted as the international standard in 1990[http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html]. After the approval, the POSIX standard grew to more than 20 individual standards, encapsulating a large area of different groups.'''


	'''POSIX.1 lays out the interfaces for OS services; their syntax, and how they should act. However, it does not define how the interface should be implemented on the OS, allowing many different operating systems to conform to standards in their own specific design and application~~[http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/220000/210315/p11-walli.pdf?key1=210315&key2=0607607821&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=108396689&CFTOKEN=35895091]~~. POSIX.2 was created for much of the same reason as POSIX.1; portable shell programming and portable program development, but describes a programmable shell and its common utilities[https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/]. Although POSIX.2 improved on the original, POSIX threading has always been an issue on Linux. UNIX was so late to implement support for multithreaded process because it does not map that well onto Linux; this is due to the significant differences in relationship between POSIX and UNIX. These differences include: naming conventions (identifiers, operators, etc...), parameters and variables.[http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html]'''		'''POSIX.1 lays out the interfaces for OS services; their syntax, and how they should act. However, it does not define how the interface should be implemented on the OS, allowing many different operating systems to conform to standards in their own specific design and application. POSIX.2 was created for much of the same reason as POSIX.1; portable shell programming and portable program development, but describes a programmable shell and its common utilities[https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/]. Although POSIX.2 improved on the original, POSIX threading has always been an issue on Linux. UNIX was so late to implement support for multithreaded process because it does not map that well onto Linux; this is due to the significant differences in relationship between POSIX and UNIX. These differences include: naming conventions (identifiers, operators, etc...), parameters and variables.[http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html]'''

	==CONCLUSION==		==CONCLUSION==

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CONCLUSION

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	'''In the last twenty years, several advancements took place; there was a huge leap from the basic performance and function of a standard thread to a multi-threading, high performance POSIX thread. However, before it was given recognition as being efficient with high performance, a POSIX thread had numerous setbacks and high-priority challenges. Although the basic principle of a POSIX thread within UNIX was already executed by hardware sellers, it was under different names with minor structural variations, prohibiting developers to create portable thread applications. Fortunately, these issues were resolved and POSIX threads were enhanced, with continuous improvements on the way. Developers made an extraordinary breakthrough in concurrent programming by enabling efficiency and high performance, especially during immense modifications to data structure. Even with a rough past, POSIX threads have improved to become one of the most widely-known and commonly used method of adding concurrency to an application.'''		'''In the last twenty years, several advancements took place; there was a huge leap from the basic performance and function of a standard thread to a multi-threading, high performance POSIX thread. However, before it was given recognition as being efficient with high performance, a POSIX thread had numerous setbacks and high-priority challenges. Although the basic principle of a POSIX thread within UNIX was already executed by hardware sellers, it was under different names with minor structural variations, prohibiting developers to create portable thread applications. Fortunately, these issues were resolved and POSIX threads were enhanced, with continuous improvements on the way. Developers made an extraordinary breakthrough in concurrent programming by enabling efficiency and high performance, especially during immense modifications to data structure. Even with a rough past, POSIX threads have improved to become one of the most widely-known and commonly used method of adding concurrency to an application.'''


	~~----~~

	=SOURCES=		=SOURCES=

Rift: /* SOURCES */

2010-10-15T04:37:36Z

SOURCES

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	[12] The Open Group, 1997 - 1999. What is UNIX? online at: <http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html>		[12] The Open Group, 1997 - 1999. What is UNIX? online at: <http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html>


	~~----~~
	=Extra Links=		=Extra Links=

Rift: /* Extra Links */

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Extra Links

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	[2] Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>		[2] Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>

	[3] L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>		[3] L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>

	[4] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1998. IEEE POSIX Testing Policy - General Information. online at: <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/posix/POSIX-A.FM5.pdf>		[4] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1998. IEEE POSIX Testing Policy - General Information. online at: <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/posix/POSIX-A.FM5.pdf>

	[5] A Short History of UNIX, 2006. online at: <http://www.unix.com/unix-dummies-questions-answers/7-short-history-unix-l-madden-ic-ac-uk.html>		[5] A Short History of UNIX, 2006. online at: <http://www.unix.com/unix-dummies-questions-answers/7-short-history-unix-l-madden-ic-ac-uk.html>

	[6]Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1996. Pthreads Programming. online at: <http://books.google.ca/books?id=EZfElJsWCqgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=kernel+based+pthreads&source=bl&ots=3HFKw_0nqq&sig=P0L9feIb88xJRzQfLd7maKtVnTU&hl=en&ei=Oky3TM-_OaO0nAf1-YiwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kernel%20based%20pthreads&f=false>		[6]Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1996. Pthreads Programming. online at: <http://books.google.ca/books?id=EZfElJsWCqgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=kernel+based+pthreads&source=bl&ots=3HFKw_0nqq&sig=P0L9feIb88xJRzQfLd7maKtVnTU&hl=en&ei=Oky3TM-_OaO0nAf1-YiwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kernel%20based%20pthreads&f=false>

	[7]Bryan O'Sullivan, 1993 - 1996. The History of Threads. online at: <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/os-research/part1/section-10.html>		[7]Bryan O'Sullivan, 1993 - 1996. The History of Threads. online at: <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/os-research/part1/section-10.html>

	[8]Lucent Technologies, 2002. The Famous PDP-7 Comes to the Rescue (And Continuous Pages). online at: <http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/pdp7.html>		[8]Lucent Technologies, 2002. The Famous PDP-7 Comes to the Rescue (And Continuous Pages). online at: <http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/pdp7.html>

	[9]The Linux Information Project, 2004. Pipes: A Brief Introduction. online at: <http://www.linfo.org/pipe.html>		[9]The Linux Information Project, 2004. Pipes: A Brief Introduction. online at: <http://www.linfo.org/pipe.html>

Rift: /* Extra Links */

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Extra Links

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	----		----
	=Extra Links=		=Extra Links=

	[1] Ross Johnson. POSIX Threads for Win32. online at: <http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/>		[1] Ross Johnson. POSIX Threads for Win32. online at: <http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/>

	[2] Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>		[2] Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>
	[3] L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>		[3] L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>

Rift: /* SOURCES */

2010-10-15T04:35:37Z

SOURCES

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:35, 15 October 2010
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	----		----
	Extra Links:		=Extra Links=
	Ross Johnson. POSIX Threads for Win32. online at: <http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/>		[1] Ross Johnson. POSIX Threads for Win32. online at: <http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/>
	Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>		[2] Dave McCracken, 2002. IBM Linux Technology Center. POSIX Threads and the Linux Kernel. online at: <http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2002/ols2002-pages-330-337.pdf>
	L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>		[3] L. Blunt Jackson, 2005. NPTL: The New Implementation of Threads for Linux. online at: <http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/184406204>
	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1998. IEEE POSIX Testing Policy - General Information. online at: <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/posix/POSIX-A.FM5.pdf>		[4] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1998. IEEE POSIX Testing Policy - General Information. online at: <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/posix/POSIX-A.FM5.pdf>
	A Short History of UNIX, 2006. online at: <http://www.unix.com/unix-dummies-questions-answers/7-short-history-unix-l-madden-ic-ac-uk.html>		[5] A Short History of UNIX, 2006. online at: <http://www.unix.com/unix-dummies-questions-answers/7-short-history-unix-l-madden-ic-ac-uk.html>
	Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1996. Pthreads Programming. online at: <http://books.google.ca/books?id=EZfElJsWCqgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=kernel+based+pthreads&source=bl&ots=3HFKw_0nqq&sig=P0L9feIb88xJRzQfLd7maKtVnTU&hl=en&ei=Oky3TM-_OaO0nAf1-YiwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kernel%20based%20pthreads&f=false>		[6]Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1996. Pthreads Programming. online at: <http://books.google.ca/books?id=EZfElJsWCqgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=kernel+based+pthreads&source=bl&ots=3HFKw_0nqq&sig=P0L9feIb88xJRzQfLd7maKtVnTU&hl=en&ei=Oky3TM-_OaO0nAf1-YiwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kernel%20based%20pthreads&f=false>
	Bryan O'Sullivan, 1993 - 1996. The History of Threads. online at: <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/os-research/part1/section-10.html>		[7]Bryan O'Sullivan, 1993 - 1996. The History of Threads. online at: <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/os-research/part1/section-10.html>
	Lucent Technologies, 2002. The Famous PDP-7 Comes to the Rescue (And Continuous Pages). online at: <http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/pdp7.html>		[8]Lucent Technologies, 2002. The Famous PDP-7 Comes to the Rescue (And Continuous Pages). online at: <http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/pdp7.html>
	The Linux Information Project, 2004. Pipes: A Brief Introduction. online at: <http://www.linfo.org/pipe.html>		[9]The Linux Information Project, 2004. Pipes: A Brief Introduction. online at: <http://www.linfo.org/pipe.html>